最新研究显示，3/4的学士学位毕业生和2/3的硕士和博士学位毕业生在获得学位后在芬兰居住三年或以上。

Three-quarters of bachelor degree graduates and two-thirds of masters and doctoral graduates live on in Finland for three or more years after their degree, according to new research.

这项研究由Jyväskylä University和赫尔辛基劳动经济研究所的研究人员Charles F Mathies和Hannu Karhunen通过芬兰个人身份代码，对1999年至2011年间芬兰24所理工大学和14所大学毕业的13046名国际学生进行了跟踪调查。

The study by Charles F Mathies and Hannu Karhunen, researchers at Jyväskylä University and the Helsinki Institute of Labour Economics, tracked a sample of 13,046 international students graduating at 24 universities of technology and 14 universities in Finland between 1999 and 2011, via the Finnish personal identity code.

他们观察到，毕业三年后，有74％的学士，67％的硕士和65％的博士毕业生居住在芬兰。

They observed that 74% of bachelors, 67% of masters and 65% of doctoral graduates were residing in Finland three years after graduation.

报告说，与其他斯堪的纳维亚国家的类似框架研究结果相比，这个数字很高：丹麦（毕业两年后占58％）；挪威（学位课程开始五年后占44％）。

This is high compared with findings in similarly framed studies in other Scandinavian countries: Denmark (58% two years after graduation); Norway (44% five years after degree start), they reported.

Mathies和Karhunen对国际文献进行了研究，并通过可靠的统计设计，研究了为什么国际学生出人意料地更倾向于留在芬兰并找到工作的趋势。尽管芬兰语很难学，冬天的气温在零下20度，而且，通过朋友和家人建立网络通常是毕业后找工作的方式。

他们研究了背景因素和政府政策的结合。

Examining the international literature and through a robust statistical design, Mathies and Karhunen have looked into why international students surprisingly have a greater tendency to stay behind and find work in Finland, despite the country having a difficult language to learn, a climate that goes down to minus 20 degrees in winter and a working life in which networking through friends and family is often the way to find work upon graduation. 

They looked at a combination of background factors and governmental policy.

背景因素

Background factors

通过研究背景因素，与非芬兰籍配偶结婚只会增加硕士研究生(8%)和博士研究生(6%)的留在芬兰的可能性，而与芬兰配偶结婚则增加了所有这三个类别的可能性。

Examining background factors, they found that marriage to a non-Finnish spouse increased the probability of staying for only master’s degree candidates (8%) and for doctoral candidates (6%), but marriage to a Finnish spouse increased probability for all three categories.

此外，有孩子或其他家人在芬兰也增加了所有这三种学位类型留在芬兰的可能性。

Also, having children or other family in Finland increased the probability of staying for all three degree types.

Mathies和Karhunen说：“特别是家庭关系，有孩子（13%到15%），至少有一个父母（其他家人）居住在芬兰（22%到34%）和婚姻（多种形式，5%到20%）都有可能留下来。”

“With family ties specifically, having children (13% to 15%), having at least one parent (other family) residing in Finland (22% to 34%), and marriage (in multiple forms, 5% to 20%) related to a higher probability of staying,” Mathies and Karhunen said.

“这与欧盟范围内的研究相吻合，该研究表明，（学生和其他）移民（家庭和住房）扎根于某个地方的人数越多，无论其就业状况如何，他们留下的可能性就越高。”

“This is in line with EU-wide research showing that the more migrants [student or otherwise] are rooted [family and housing] to a location the higher the probability that they were to stay, regardless of the employment situation.”

高留驻率是政府政策的目标 

High stay rate targeted in government policies

Mathies和Karhunen发现，在过去20年里，政府的政策有一种强烈的倾向，–鼓励国际学生留下来。

Mathies and Karhunen found a strong tendency in government policies over the past two decades to encourage international students to stay on.

“自2001年以来，芬兰政府制定了许多旨在吸引、留住国际学生并使其融入芬兰社会的政策。芬兰政策的这一重点有两个主要原因，一是通过提高国际化程度来提高芬兰机构的声誉和威望，二是增加劳动力市场上可获得的熟练劳动力”。

“Finland’s government, since 2001 has enacted numerous policies aimed at attracting, retaining, and integrating international students into Finland. The two main reasons cited for this focus in Finnish policy are to improve the reputation and prestige of Finnish institutions, through increased internationality, and increase the available skilled labour for the labour market,” they said.

2018年，芬兰政府超出了欧盟（EU）关于国际学生居留和工作许可（毕业后至少9个月）的指令，将求职时间延长至24个月，并可能延长至48个月。

In 2018 the Finnish government expanded beyond the European Union’s (EU) directive governing international student residence and work permits (minimum nine months after graduation) to search for employment to 24 months with a possible extension to 48 months.

2013年，芬兰政府发布了“2020年移民战略未来政府决议”（2020年战略），声明承认“留学生是芬兰劳动力市场的重要资源”，2020年战略文件要求制定支持移民和留学生的政策，把他们连接起来，使他们融入芬兰社会和劳动力市场。

In 2013, the Finnish government published the ‘Government resolution on the future of migration 2020 strategy’ (2020 Strategy) stating it recognises that “international students are an important resource for the Finnish labour market” and the 2020 Strategy document calls for a policy supporting migrants and international students, connecting them and integrating them into Finnish society and the labour market.

Mathies和Karhunen说：“人们相信，如果移民（留学生）能在芬兰劳动力市场找到自己的角色，那么不平等就会减少，移民会觉得自己是芬兰社会的贡献者。”

“The belief is if migrants [international students] find a role for themselves in the Finnish labour market, then there is a reduction in inequality and migrants feel they are contributing members of Finnish society,” Mathies and Karhunen said.

芬兰的家庭纽带和“幸福的国家”

 Finnish family ties and ‘happy country’

他们发现，两个因素相辅相成。“选择移民并不是孤立地做出的选择。通常，家庭（父母、配偶、子女）直接或间接地参与了这一过程。在我们的模型中，所有家庭关系调查结果都是积极的，同时就业、人口、学位课程和高等教育机构的特点，这表明芬兰对因家庭原因而留在芬兰的国际毕业生具有吸引力。”

Two factors reinforce each other, they found. “Choosing to migrate is not a choice made in isolation. Often, families (parents, spouses, children) are directly and indirectly a part of the process. That all family ties findings were positive while controlling for employment, demographic, and the characteristics of the degree programme and higher education institutions in our model suggests Finland is attractive for international graduates staying for family reasons.”

他们说，有多个证据支持这一点，因为芬兰是世界上养育家庭最好的国家之一；中小学安全和质量高；被公认为世界上最幸福的国家。

They said there were multiple pieces of evidence to support this as Finland ranks as one of the best countries in the world to raise a family; high levels of safety and quality of primary and secondary schools; and recognition as the happiest country in the world, according to the World Happiness Report 2019.

种族主义和难懂的语言

Racism and a difficult language

Mathies和Karhunen说，值得注意的是，正如先前的研究所发现的那样，由于种族主义和语言难以学习，尽管芬兰对移民和国际学生来说是一个充满挑战的地方，但大多数国际学生仍然留在芬兰工作。

Mathies and Karhunen said that it is notable that a large majority of international students stay and work in Finland despite it being a challenging place for migrants and international students to live, as previous research has found, due to racism and the language being hard to learn.

就业调查结果尤其值得注意，因为R Alho*先前的研究表明，芬兰留学生毕业前后都很难找到工作。

The employment findings are particularly noteworthy as previous research by R Alho* shows Finland being a difficult place to find employment for international students, before and after graduation.

就业的主要障碍是芬兰语技能和人际网络（专业和个人）。2014年，Wächter和Maiworm发现，在所有非英语国家中，芬兰的英语学位课程比例最高**

The main barriers to employment identified are Finnish language skills and networks (professional and personal). Finland has the highest share of degree programmes offerings in English of any non-English speaking European country, as found by Wächter and Maiworm in 2014.**

芬兰政府已经认识到国际毕业生缺乏芬兰语能力的问题，并在留学期间不断倡导国际学生掌握芬兰语技能。

The Finnish government has acknowledged the issue of lack of Finnish language skills of international graduates and has continuously advocated for Finnish language skills for international students during their studies.

然而，大多数高等教育机构和学位课程很难将芬兰语学习纳入空间有限的课程。

However, most higher education institutions and degree programmes have difficulty fitting Finnish language studies into a curriculum with limited space.

在芬兰，学生使用一种语言（英语）授课，而劳动力市场则使用另一种语言（芬兰语和瑞典语）。

In Finland, students are instructed in one language (English), while the labour market uses another (Finnish and Swedish).

Mathies和Karhunen解释说：“因此，尽管在芬兰接受培训或教育对进入芬兰劳动力市场的国际学生来说仍然是一个积极因素，但教学语言和劳动力市场的差异可能会降低两者相同时产生的积极影响。”

“So, although being trained or educated in Finland is still likely a positive for international students entering the Finnish labour market, the difference in the languages of instruction and labour market likely lowers the positive affect it would have if both were the same,” Mathies and Karhunen explained.

通过网络进入“隐藏的就业市场”

‘Hidden job market’ accessed by networking

Mathies和Karhunen指的是“隐藏的就业市场”，国际学生不容易进入。2017年，经济事务和就业部报告说，芬兰雇主经常采用非正式的招聘方式，这就形成了一个“隐藏”的就业市场，留学生由于其“薄弱”的专业网络关系，在就业方面处于不利地位。

Mathies and Karhunen refer to the ‘hidden job market’, which is not easily accessible to international students. In 2017, the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment reported that Finnish employers often apply informal ways of recruiting, which creates a ‘hidden’ job market in which international students are at a disadvantage in finding employment due to their ‘weak’ professional network ties, as R Alho found.

Mathies和Karhunen说，尽管政府认为这是非常可取的，但招募国际学生进入本地和国家劳动力市场，仍需要上下文相关的知识并将其嵌入该文化中。

Despite being viewed as highly desirable by governments, recruitment of international students into local and national labour markets requires context-bound knowledge and embeddedness into that culture, Mathies and Karhunen say.

“正因如此，再加上我们的模型对就业的积极发现，它表明，芬兰政府和高等教育机构为国际学生投入时间和资源，以提高他们发展专业网络和获得芬兰语语言技能的能力，是有益的。”

“As such, and coupled with our model’s positive employment finding, it suggests it is beneficial for international students, as well the Finnish government and higher education institutions, to invest time and resources in enhancing international students’ ability to develop professional networks and acquire Finnish language skills.”

在模型中对学位课程和高等教育机构的特征进行了研究，得出了更多的观察结果。

The findings on the characteristics of the degree programme and higher education institution, controlled for in the model, led to additional observations.

“一般来说，本科毕业生比硕士生和博士生更容易留下来。一个很可能的解释是，大学和大学学位从本质上讲，比硕士和博士学位课程更具应用性，更注重让毕业生在芬兰劳动力市场就业。”Mathies和Karhunen说。

“In general, bachelor’s graduates had higher probability to stay than masters and doctoral graduates. A likely explanation is that university and college degrees, by nature, are more applied and focused on getting graduates employed into the Finnish labour market than master’s and doctoral degree programmes,” Mathies and Karhunen said.

“至于学校所在地，我们发现，与毕业于大城市或首都地区的学生相比，毕业于（芬兰）其他地区的学生更有可能留下来。

“As for the location of the institution, we found those who graduated in ‘other regions’ [of Finland] were more likely to stay when compared to those who graduated in a large city or the capital region.

“芬兰其他地区的高等教育机构在相对较小的城镇（人口不到15万人）中运行，而且那里的气候在冬季通常低于-20摄氏度。

“The higher education institutions in the other regions of Finland operate in relatively small towns (populations under 150,000) and have a climate where temperatures below -20C in winter are common.

“对于一名国际学生来说，选择在这样一个地区就读高等教育机构，可能意味着在入学前更倾向于留在芬兰。另一方面，也许那些毕业于首都和大城市高等教育机构的人能够或更经常地在更广泛的劳动力市场竞争，而不仅仅是在芬兰，”他们说。

“For an international student, choosing to attend a higher education institution in such a region might represent a higher predisposition to staying in Finland prior to enrolling. On the other hand, perhaps those who graduate in the capital and large city higher education institutions are able or more often look to compete in wider labour markets, not just in Finland,” they said.

新自由主义思潮

New neo-liberal trend

他们说，在过去的几十年里，国际高等教育已经从外交项目转向了进出口产业。

They said that, in the past few decades, international higher education has shifted paradigms in a policy context from a diplomatic project to an import-export industry.

“它已经变得非常市场化，并以新自由主义框架为基础。各国制定国际教育政策的方式不同，很大程度上是为了应对全球竞争环境，各国竞相在国际学生市场上获得更大份额。”Mathies和Karhunen指出。

“It has become very market-driven and grounded in a neo-liberal framework. Countries developed their international education policies differently, and largely did so as a response to a global competitive environment with countries ‘racing’ to obtain larger shares of the international student market,” Mathies and Karhunen argued.

芬兰作为典范

Finland as a model

他们的结论是，尽管有必要继续研究国际毕业生的留驻率，但这项研究的证据为那些希望提高留驻率的国家的政策方向提供了明确的证据。

They concluded that, although there is a need for continuing research on international graduates’ stay rates, the evidence from this study provides clear evidence for the direction of policy for countries looking to increase their stay rates.

“即使在一个有文件证明国际学生难以进入其劳动力市场的国家（芬兰），我们的模式也发现就业和家庭关系以多种形式与国际学生毕业后的留驻率有关。

“Even in a country [Finland] with documented difficulties for international students to enter its labour markets, our models found employment and family ties, in multiple forms, relating to increased retention of international students after graduation.

“这表明有兴趣提高留学生留驻率的国家应该制定政策，旨在改善家庭生活，提高留学生进入劳动力市场的能力。”研究人员说，他们的研究样本于上个月发布，仅限于以前没有在芬兰学习过的国际学生（中学或小学），也没有以芬兰语或瑞典语为母语的国际学生，尽管也有一些例外，他们主要是小时候来芬兰的学生。

“This suggests countries interested in increasing international students’ stay rates should develop policies aiming to enhance family life and the ability of international students to enter their labour markets.” The researchers said their sample for the study, which was published last month, was restricted to study international students who had not studied previously in Finland (secondary or primary) nor spoke Finnish or Swedish as a native language, although there were some exceptions, who were mainly students who had come to Finland as children.

斯德哥尔摩Technopolis group的国际教育专家戈兰·梅林（Göran Melin）告诉《世界大学报》（University World News）：“长期以来，芬兰高等教育和研究体系一直需要加强国际化，芬兰政府已采取措施支持这一点。因此，最值得肯定的是，这项研究现在发现，芬兰事实上已经成为一个对外国学生来说比较有吸引力的国家，而且毕业后也会留在芬兰。”

Göran Melin of the Technopolis group in Stockholm, an expert on international education, told University World News: “The Finnish higher education and research system has for long been in need of increased internationalisation, and the Finnish government has undertaken measures to support this. It is, therefore, most positive that this study now finds that Finland, in fact, has become a relatively attractive country to study in for foreign students, and also to stay in following graduation.”

他也认为，芬兰针对外国学生的劳动力市场改革可以作为其他希望让外国学生继续留下并工作的国家的榜样。

He agreed that the Finnish labour market reforms for foreign students could serve as a role model for other countries wishing to keep foreign students to stay on and work.

负责国际事务的玛丽亚·尼罗斯（Maria Nyroos），是拥有14万名学生会员的芬兰全国学生联合会（SYL）的欧盟宣传顾问，他对《世界大学报》说：“我们坚信，通过使芬兰的入学和逗留变得轻松和热情，我们的留学生在学习后将更有可能留在芬兰。

Maria Nyroos, who is responsible for international affairs and is EU Advocacy Advisor for SYL, The Finnish National Union of Students, with 140,000 student members, told University World News: “We strongly believe that by making the entrance and stay in Finland easy and welcoming, our international students will be more likely to stay in Finland after their studies.

“我们喜欢谈论国际学生的融合和福祉，因为我们知道，那些在学生群体和大学群体中更加融合的学生也更有可能进入芬兰劳动力市场。反过来，集成需要可访问性。”

“We like to talk about integration and well-being of international students, as we know that those students who are more integrated both in the student body and the university community will also be more likely to enter the Finnish labour market. Integration, in turn, requires accessibility.”

她说，对于留学生来说，工会要处理的最大问题之一就是居留证问题，包括游说让留学生更容易获得、更快地办理居留证。

She said one the biggest problems the union has to deal with for international students is residence permit issues, including lobbying for more accessible and faster residence permit processes.

赫尔辛基大学校长萨里·林德布洛姆告诉《世界大学报》，赫尔辛基大学推行学位制度改革，提供国际硕士课程，以应对社会挑战。

Rector of Helsinki University Sari Lindblom told University World News that Helsinki University introduced a degree system reform to offer international masters programmes to meet societal challenges.

“作为研究的一部分，我们还为外国人提供芬兰语的广泛培训以及实践培训。”

“We also offer extensive training in Finnish for foreigners as well as practical training as part of the studies.”

“由于许多外国学生没有在芬兰公司工作的经验，我们甚至启动了一项特殊的培训计划，让他们在完成硕士学位的同时兼职大学服务。”

“As many foreign students have no experience of working in Finnish companies, we have even launched a special training programme for them to work part-time in university services while finalising their masters degree.”

Lindblom欢迎外国学生融入芬兰社会并决定毕业后留下来。

Lindblom welcomed the evidence of foreign students integrating to the Finnish society and deciding to stay after graduation.

Lindblom说：“我们与芬兰工业联合会一道，呼吁延长毕业生的工作签证程序，政府也作出了积极回应。”

“Together with the Confederation of Finnish Industries, we have called for extended work visa procedure for graduates, and the government has responded positively,” Lindblom said.

赫尔辛基开设了许多英语课程，但许多硕士课程都是多语种的，学生可以用本国语言学习课程。

Helsinki offers many courses taught in English but as many masters programmes are multilingual, with students able to take courses in national languages.

“此外，还提供所有三种语言的服务。在我们的语言政策中，我们强调芬兰语、瑞典语和英语三种语言并行使用的文化。”

“In addition, services are available in all three languages. In our language policy we emphasise a culture of parallel use of all three languages, Finnish, Swedish and English.”

现状

Current situation

《世界大学报》问马蒂斯，自收集数据的年份以来发生了什么变化。

University World News asked Mathies what changes have occurred since the years for which the data was collected.

2017年8月，芬兰对硕士和学士学位课程的非欧盟和非EEA学生收取学费（博士生以及在芬兰和瑞典学习的学生免交）。

In August 2017, Finland introduced tuition fees for non-EU and non-EEA students in master’s and bachelor’s programmes (doctoral students and students studying in Finnish and Swedish are exempt).

“从学期结束到2017年8月，我们的情况相对稳定。最初，数字有所下降，但在一两年内又回升了。然而，这些学生来自哪里（国籍）可能发生了变化。”

“Up until that point, we suspect the situation remained relatively stable (from the end of study to August 2017). Then there was a drop in numbers initially but the numbers came back up within a year or two. However, where the students came from [nationality] likely changed,” he said.

冠状病毒大流行也极大地影响了今年的新国际学生入学率，并且可能会产生一些持久影响。Mathies说：“目前尚不清楚，但肯定的是，我们打算在未来的研究中继续工作。”Mathies说。

The coronavirus pandemic has also greatly affected the new international student intake this year and likely will have some lasting effects. “What those are at this time is unknown but is certainly something we intend to follow up on in our future research,” said Mathies.

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* Alho，R.2020。“您需要认识一个认识某人的人”：国际学生的求职经历。北欧工作生活研究杂志10（2）：3–22* Alho, R. 2020. ‘You Need to Know Someone who Knows Someone’: International Students’ Job Search Experiences. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 10 (2): 3–22

**Wächter，B和F Maiworm。2014年。《欧洲高等教育中的英语授课计划：2014年发展状况》。波恩：Lemmens Medien GmbH。** Wächter, B, and F Maiworm. 2014. English-taught Programmes in European Higher Education: The State of Play in 2014. Bonn: Lemmens Medien GmbH.